Risks and Options With Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents in Patients With CKD: A Review

Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCA) improve the diagnostic capabilities of magnetic resonance imaging. Although initially believed to be without major adverse effects, GBCA use in patients with severe chronic kidney disease (CKD) was demonstrated to cause nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF). Restrictive policies of GBCA use in CKD and selective use of GBCAs which bind free gadolinium (Gd+3)…

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