Cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) is a rare condition marked by granulomatous inflammation that can lead to myocardial fibrosis, heart failure, arrhythmias, and conduction defects such as complete heart block (CHB). Although CS affects about 5% of those with sarcoidosis, it often goes undiagnosed, especially in CHB cases.1 Due to the urgency of CHB treatment, patients may receive permanent pacemakers without further evaluation, as current guidelines suggest.2 However, in CS, a level IIA recommendation supports implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) to address CHB and protect against ventricular arrhythmias.

Diverse issues surrounding the unexpected arrhythmic sudden deaths (SD) of young athletes, have been studied intensely by cardiologists, internists, pediatricians, primary care and sports medicine physicians, and pathologists since 1980, with documentation of several cardiovascular causes, prominently including hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) (Figure 1) (1).

Catheter entrapment within the mitral valve complex (MVC) is a rare but serious complication during left-heart catheterization. A systematic review, the first on this topic, was conducted through PubMed and Embase databases following the PRISMA guidelines to identify cases of catheter entrapment within the MVC during electrophysiological procedures. Forty-six patients were included predominantly undergoing catheter ablation of atrial tachyarrhythmias (71.7%). The circular mapping catheters were the most frequently entrapped materials (50%), followed by ablation and multispline catheters.