To determine differences in visual acuity (VA) outcomes in eyes of patients on antithrombotics (antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants) that develop submacular hemorrhage (SMH) compared with eyes of patients who are not on antithrombotics and develop SMH.

To quantify hyperreflective foci (HRF) using polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) and evaluate the effect of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy on HRF reduction.

Thyroid eye disease (TED), also known as Graves’ orbitopathy, is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder of the orbit associated with thyroid conditions like Graves’ disease and autoimmune thyroiditis. This condition primarily affects orbital connective tissues, causing inflammation and tissue remodeling driven by activated orbital fibroblasts. Stimulated by autoantibodies and inflammatory cytokines, these fibroblasts differentiate into adipocytes and proliferate, resulting in symptoms such as periorbital swelling, eyelid retraction, diplopia, and proptosis.

To develop a conversion table and compare the cross-validity of 3 types of widely utilized near vision charts: the ETDRS near chart, the N-notation chart, and the Rosenbaum chart.